Dice, the timeless tools of chance and fortune, have a history as rich and different as the civilizations that have used them. They have been around for a long time and have been made from various materials like sheep knucklebones. Even though they are small, they have always been important in different cultures and have meant different things to people throughout history. 

The Romans liked using a special kind of dice called asymmetrical tesserae. But this type of dice has confused historians and archaeologists for a long time.

The allure of Roman dice lies not only in their inherent asymmetry but also in the mysteries surrounding their design and purpose. While one might assume that such irregularities were a result of deliberate cheating, recent research suggests a more complex explanation rooted in the worldview of the ancient Romans.

In a study conducted by archaeologists Jelmer Eerkens and Alex de Voogt, the asymmetrical nature of Roman dice was explored through a combination of archaeological analysis and experimental psychology. Their findings, published in the journal Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, shed new light on the cultural importance of these mysterious artifacts.

Examining a sample of Roman dice excavated in the Netherlands, Eerkens and de Voogt discovered that over 90% of the dice displayed visible asymmetry, with certain sides differing significantly in size. This asymmetry, they argued, was not merely a byproduct of craftsmanship but rather a deliberate design choice with meaningful implications.

Intriguingly, their research revealed a correlation between the size disparities of the dice and the likelihood of landing on specific numbers. While conventional wisdom might suggest that such biases were indicative of cheating, further experimentation revealed a more complex narrative.

Eerkens and de Voogt asked psychology students to join their study. They wanted them to copy how ancient Roman dice were arranged. But they didn’t tell the students exactly how to do it. 

Most of the participants in the study naturally put the dots showing one and six on the biggest opposite sides of the dice. This matched how Romans traditionally numbered their dice.

This revelation led to a paradigm shift in understanding the motives behind the asymmetrical design of Roman dice. The Romans’ decision to place the one and six dots on opposite sides of the dice wasn’t about cheating. Instead, it showed their strong belief in fate and luck. In a society where gods and goddesses presided over every aspect of life, including games of chance, the outcome of a dice roll was seen as predetermined by divine will.

Eerkens explained, “Since gods and fate played such a central role in the lives of these people, any side that rolled on the dice was the ‘right’ side — the one chosen by the gods.” This perspective challenges modern notions of fairness and probability, suggesting that the Romans’ conception of chance was fundamentally intertwined with their religious beliefs.

Moreover, the study hinted at a broader cultural shift towards a more systematic understanding of probability during the Renaissance period. As thinkers like Galileo Galilei and Blaise Pascal began to explore the principles of chance and mathematical probability, the era saw the emergence of fairer, cube-shaped dice.

Roman dice continue to exist as a symbol of how faith, fate, and luck intertwined in ancient times. While their asymmetrical design may seem perplexing to modern sensibilities, it serves as a reminder of the diverse ways in which humanity has sought to navigate the uncertainties of life through the roll of the dice.

As we explore history further, the tale of Roman dice provides an intriguing peek into how culture, belief, and chance all intertwined in ancient societies. From the bustling streets of ancient Rome to the halls of academia, these artifacts continue to inspire curiosity and contemplation. They make us wonder: do we control our fate, or is it decided by luck?